Specialized support surfaces utilized within healthcare settings address the prevention and management of pressure injuries. These surfaces, designed to redistribute pressure and minimize prolonged compression on bony prominences, are crucial for patients at risk of or already experiencing skin breakdown. They provide an alternative to standard mattresses, offering dynamic or static pressure relief mechanisms.
The implementation of such therapeutic surfaces significantly contributes to improved patient outcomes, reduced healthcare costs associated with treating advanced pressure ulcers, and enhanced comfort during periods of immobility. Their development reflects ongoing advancements in medical technology and a commitment to proactive wound care strategies, evolving from simpler designs to sophisticated systems with adjustable pressure settings and integrated monitoring capabilities.
This article will delve into the underlying principles of pressure redistribution, examine different types of these specialized support surfaces, explore the criteria for appropriate selection, and discuss best practices for their effective use and maintenance within the hospital environment. Furthermore, it will address relevant safety considerations and highlight the role of staff training in optimizing patient outcomes.
Practical Guidance for Implementing Therapeutic Support Surfaces
The following recommendations aim to optimize the use of specialized support surfaces in healthcare settings to prevent and manage pressure injuries. Adhering to these guidelines can contribute to improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare burdens.
Tip 1: Patient Risk Assessment: Conduct a thorough risk assessment using a validated scale (e.g., Braden Scale) upon admission and regularly thereafter. This assessment will determine the individual’s susceptibility to pressure injury development, guiding the appropriate selection of a pressure redistribution surface.
Tip 2: Appropriate Surface Selection: Choose a support surface based on the patients risk level, existing skin condition, weight, and overall health status. Consider factors such as the surface’s pressure redistribution capabilities, microclimate control, and ease of use for both the patient and caregiver.
Tip 3: Proper Inflation and Adjustment: Ensure the surface is correctly inflated and adjusted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Regularly monitor pressure settings to maintain optimal therapeutic benefit, particularly for dynamic surfaces with adjustable pressure controls.
Tip 4: Skin Assessment and Monitoring: Perform routine skin checks, paying close attention to bony prominences. Document any signs of redness, blanching, or skin breakdown. Adjust the support surface and implement additional preventative measures as needed.
Tip 5: Repositioning Schedule: Even with a pressure redistribution surface, implement a regular repositioning schedule (e.g., every two hours) unless contraindicated by the patient’s medical condition. This helps to relieve pressure on vulnerable areas and promote circulation.
Tip 6: Moisture Management: Minimize skin exposure to moisture from incontinence, perspiration, or wound drainage. Utilize moisture-wicking underpads and barrier creams as needed to protect the skin and maintain a dry environment.
Tip 7: Staff Education and Training: Provide comprehensive training to all healthcare staff on the proper use, maintenance, and troubleshooting of specialized support surfaces. Ensure staff understands the importance of adherence to protocols and the impact on patient outcomes.
Tip 8: Surface Cleaning and Maintenance: Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for cleaning and disinfecting the support surface between patient uses. Regular maintenance helps to prevent contamination and ensure the surface’s longevity and effectiveness.
Consistent application of these strategies enhances the effectiveness of therapeutic support surfaces, contributing to a reduction in the incidence and severity of pressure injuries. Adherence to standardized protocols and ongoing staff education are essential for optimal patient care.
The following section will address specific types of therapeutic surfaces and their application in various clinical scenarios.
1. Pressure Redistribution
Pressure redistribution is the central mechanism by which specialized support surfaces, including air mattresses, mitigate the risk and severity of pressure injuries. By evenly distributing the patient’s weight across the contact surface, these mattresses minimize localized pressure points, thus preserving tissue perfusion and reducing the likelihood of ischemia and subsequent ulcer formation.
- Alternating Pressure Technology
This technology involves cyclically inflating and deflating different sections of the mattress. This dynamic pressure relief prevents prolonged compression of any single area, promoting blood flow and oxygenation to vulnerable tissues. For example, one section might inflate while another deflates, shifting the patient’s weight slightly and alleviating pressure on bony prominences like the sacrum or heels. This feature is particularly beneficial for patients with limited mobility or those unable to independently reposition themselves.
- Low Air Loss Therapy
Low air loss mattresses incorporate small perforations that allow a gentle flow of air to circulate around the patient. This airflow helps to reduce moisture buildup on the skin, a known risk factor for pressure injury development. By maintaining a dry microclimate, these mattresses help to prevent maceration and breakdown of the epidermis. The controlled airflow also provides a cooling effect, enhancing patient comfort and reducing perspiration.
- Immersion and Envelopment
This principle refers to the degree to which the mattress conforms to the patient’s body shape. A mattress with good immersion and envelopment capabilities will distribute the patient’s weight more evenly, minimizing peak pressure points. For example, a mattress that effectively cradles the sacrum and heels will reduce the concentrated pressure that can lead to tissue damage. The material composition and design of the mattress contribute to its ability to provide optimal immersion and envelopment.
- Static Air Cells
Some air mattresses utilize static air cells to provide continuous pressure redistribution. These cells are interconnected and filled with air to a specific pressure level. The air within the cells distributes the patient’s weight, creating a more even pressure profile across the contact surface. Static air mattresses are often used for patients at lower risk of pressure injury development or as a step-down therapy for patients who have been stabilized on a more advanced pressure redistribution surface.
The integration of these pressure redistribution features within air mattresses represents a significant advancem
ent in pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. Through careful selection and appropriate application, these surfaces can significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce the incidence of pressure-related complications within healthcare settings.
2. Microclimate Control
Microclimate control is a critical function of hospital air mattresses employed for bedsore prevention. The microclimate refers to the temperature and humidity at the interface between the patient’s skin and the support surface. Elevated moisture levels, often resulting from perspiration, incontinence, or wound exudate, significantly increase the risk of skin maceration and breakdown, rendering the skin more susceptible to pressure, friction, and shear forces. Inadequate ventilation exacerbates this issue, creating an environment conducive to bacterial and fungal growth, thereby increasing the likelihood of infection within existing or nascent pressure ulcers. Air mattresses designed with microclimate control features mitigate these risks by actively managing moisture and temperature at the skin surface.
The integration of low air loss (LAL) technology is a common approach to microclimate control in hospital air mattresses. LAL systems incorporate small perforations in the mattress surface that allow a continuous flow of air to circulate around the patient’s body. This airflow evaporates excess moisture, helping to maintain a dry and cool microclimate. For example, consider a patient with limited mobility who experiences profuse sweating. Without effective microclimate control, the accumulated moisture would soften the skin, increasing its vulnerability to pressure damage. However, a LAL air mattress would facilitate the evaporation of this moisture, preserving skin integrity and reducing the risk of bedsore development. The effectiveness of LAL systems is often measured by their ability to maintain relative humidity levels below a threshold known to promote skin maceration.
In summary, microclimate control is not merely an ancillary feature of hospital air mattresses for bedsores but rather an integral component of their therapeutic efficacy. By actively managing temperature and humidity at the skin-support surface interface, these mattresses create an environment that promotes skin integrity and reduces the risk of pressure ulcer formation. Challenges remain in optimizing microclimate control strategies for diverse patient populations and clinical settings. Future research should focus on developing more sophisticated sensors and feedback mechanisms to tailor microclimate management to individual patient needs, further enhancing the preventive capabilities of these essential medical devices.
3. Patient Immobility
Patient immobility represents a significant risk factor for pressure injury development, creating a direct correlation with the need for specialized support surfaces. Prolonged periods of inactivity impede circulation and increase sustained pressure on bony prominences, thus compromising tissue integrity. The subsequent discussion outlines specific facets of patient immobility as they relate to the application and efficacy of hospital air mattresses for bedsore prevention and treatment.
- Reduced Spontaneous Movement
Many hospitalized patients experience reduced spontaneous movement due to illness, sedation, or physical limitations. This diminished capacity to independently reposition themselves leads to prolonged pressure on specific areas, such as the sacrum, heels, and hips. Air mattresses with alternating pressure capabilities can compensate for this lack of movement by cyclically redistributing pressure, minimizing the risk of tissue breakdown. Without such interventions, immobile patients are at a significantly elevated risk for developing pressure injuries.
- Neurological Impairment
Conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury often result in significant motor deficits, rendering patients unable to feel pressure or shift their weight independently. These individuals are particularly vulnerable to pressure injuries, as they may not be aware of the need to reposition themselves. Advanced air mattress systems with adjustable pressure settings and integrated monitoring capabilities can provide targeted pressure relief and alert caregivers to potential problems, improving patient safety.
- Post-Surgical Immobilization
Following certain surgical procedures, patients may be required to remain in a supine position for extended periods. This mandated immobility increases the risk of pressure injury development, particularly in areas where surgical incisions may compromise tissue perfusion. The use of a hospital air mattress with low air loss technology can help to manage moisture and maintain skin integrity during the postoperative recovery period, reducing the likelihood of complications.
- Sedation and Critical Illness
Critically ill patients requiring sedation and mechanical ventilation are often unable to move or communicate their needs. Prolonged immobility, coupled with the effects of vasoactive medications and underlying medical conditions, can severely compromise tissue perfusion and increase the risk of pressure injuries. Air mattresses designed for critical care settings often incorporate advanced features such as continuous pressure monitoring and automated adjustments to ensure optimal pressure redistribution and minimize the risk of skin breakdown.
These facets of patient immobility underscore the critical role of hospital air mattresses in preventing and managing pressure injuries. The selection of an appropriate support surface should be based on a thorough assessment of the patient’s individual risk factors and specific clinical needs. The integration of advanced features, such as alternating pressure, low air loss, and pressure monitoring capabilities, can further enhance the effectiveness of these devices in protecting vulnerable patients from the devastating consequences of pressure-related tissue damage.
4. Skin Integrity
Maintaining skin integrity is paramount in the prevention of pressure injuries, also known as bedsores. The interplay between compromised skin and prolonged pressure necessitates specialized support surfaces, such as hospital air mattresses, to mitigate the risk of tissue breakdown. Understanding the components of skin integrity is crucial for effective intervention.
- Epidermal Barrier Function
The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, acts as a primary barrier against external aggressors, including pathogens, irritants, and excessive moisture loss. Compromised epidermal barrier function, resulting from age, malnutrition, or underlying medical conditions, increases skin vulnerability to pressure and shear forces. Hospital air mattresses with low air loss technology aid in maintaining optimal epidermal hydration and reducing maceration, thereby fortifying the skin’s protective barrier. For instance, elderly patients with thin, fragile skin benefit significantly from the gentle airflow provided by these mattresses, which helps prevent moisture buildup and preserves skin integrity.
Dermal Perfusion Adequate dermal perfusion, the blood supply to the dermis, is essential for delivering oxygen and nutrients to skin cells and removing metabolic waste products. Prolonged pressure impedes dermal perfusion, leading to ischemia and tissue necrosis. Air mattresses designed for pressure redistribution, such as alternating pressure mattresses, cyclically relieve pressure on bony prominences, promoting blood flow and preventing tissue damage. Consider a patient immobilized after surgery; an alternating pressure mattress can help maintain adequate dermal perfusion in areas at high risk of pressure injury, such as the sacrum and heels, preventing the development of bedsores.
- Subcutaneous Tissue Support
Subcutaneous tissue, composed of fat and connective tissue, provides cushioning and support to the skin, protecting it from underlying bony structures. Reduced subcutaneous tissue, often seen in elderly or malnourished patients, diminishes this protective layer, increasing the risk of pressure injuries. While air mattresses primarily address pressure redistribution, their ability to conform to the body’s contours can enhance support and minimize stress on vulnerable areas. For instance, a cachectic patient with minimal subcutaneous tissue would benefit from an air mattress that evenly distributes weight and reduces pressure on bony prominences, mitigating the risk of skin breakdown.
- Moisture Balance
Maintaining optimal moisture balance is crucial for skin integrity. Excessive moisture, due to incontinence or perspiration, can lead to maceration, weakening the skin and increasing its susceptibility to damage. Conversely, excessively dry skin can become brittle and prone to cracking, compromising the epidermal barrier. Hospital air mattresses with moisture-wicking covers and low air loss technology help regulate skin moisture levels, preventing both maceration and excessive dryness. For example, a patient with urinary incontinence benefits from an air mattress that wicks away moisture, keeping the skin dry and intact, thereby reducing the risk of pressure injuries and secondary infections.
These facets of skin integrity underscore the importance of utilizing specialized support surfaces, such as hospital air mattresses, as part of a comprehensive pressure injury prevention strategy. By addressing factors such as epidermal barrier function, dermal perfusion, subcutaneous tissue support, and moisture balance, these mattresses contribute to the maintenance of healthy skin and the reduction of pressure-related complications. Understanding these mechanisms allows for informed decision-making in the selection and application of appropriate support surfaces for at-risk patients.
5. Therapeutic Efficacy
Therapeutic efficacy, in the context of hospital air mattresses designed for bedsore prevention and treatment, refers to the measurable improvement in patient outcomes resulting from the mattress’s use. This efficacy is assessed through a reduction in the incidence, severity, and healing time of pressure injuries. Several interconnected factors contribute to the overall therapeutic value of these specialized support surfaces.
- Pressure Redistribution Quantification
The degree to which an air mattress effectively redistributes pressure is a primary indicator of its therapeutic efficacy. High-quality mattresses undergo rigorous testing to quantify their pressure redistribution capabilities, often measured in terms of peak pressure reduction on bony prominences. For instance, a clinically effective mattress might demonstrate a 50% reduction in peak pressure compared to a standard hospital mattress, thereby significantly reducing the risk of tissue ischemia. Lower peak pressure improves blood circulation and reduces the risk of pressure injuries.
- Microclimate Regulation and Healing
Effective microclimate control, achieved through features like low air loss technology, directly impacts the therapeutic efficacy of air mattresses. By maintaining a dry and cool skin surface, these mattresses prevent maceration and promote optimal conditions for wound healing. A mattress that effectively reduces skin surface humidity by 30% can significantly accelerate the healing process of existing pressure ulcers, as a dry environment inhibits bacterial growth and promotes tissue regeneration.
- Pain Management and Comfort
Beyond preventing and treating pressure injuries, therapeutic efficacy also encompasses patient comfort and pain management. Air mattresses designed with adjustable pressure settings allow caregivers to customize the support surface to the individual patient’s needs, minimizing discomfort and promoting restful sleep. Studies have shown that patients using high-quality air mattresses report a significant reduction in pain and improved overall well-being, which contributes to faster recovery times.
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Therapeutic efficacy is intertwined with cost-effectiveness. While advanced air mattresses represent a significant initial investment, their long-term therapeutic benefits can outweigh the upfront costs. By reducing the incidence and severity of pressure injuries, these mattresses decrease the need for costly wound care treatments, hospital readmissions, and prolonged stays. A comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis considers factors such as the initial purchase price, maintenance costs, and the savings associated with reduced pressure injury-related expenses, highlighting the overall therapeutic value of the investment.
In conclusion, the therapeutic efficacy of hospital air mattresses for bedsores is multifaceted, encompassing quantifiable pressure redistribution, effective microclimate control, improved patient comfort, and long-term cost savings. A comprehensive evaluation of these factors is essential for healthcare providers to make informed decisions regarding the selection and implementation of appropriate support surfaces, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare burdens.
6. Infection Control
Infection control represents a critical consideration in the healthcare environment, particularly concerning the use of hospital air mattresses for bedsore prevention and treatment. These mattresses, due to their prolonged contact with patients and the potential for exposure to bodily fluids, can serve as reservoirs for pathogens if not properly maintained. Therefore, rigorous infection control protocols are essential to safeguard both patients and healthcare personnel.
- Material Selection and Design
The materials used in the construction of hospital air mattresses significantly impact their susceptibility to microbial contamination and the ease with which they can be disinfected. Mattresses constructed from impermeable, antimicrobial-treated fabrics are preferable, as they prevent the penetration of fluids and inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. The design should minimize crevices and seams where pathogens can accumulate. For instance, a mattress with welded seams and a smooth, non-porous surface is easier to clean and disinfect than one with stitched seams and a textured fabric.
- Cleaning and Disinfection Protocols
Standardized cleaning and disinfection protocols are crucial for preventing the transm
ission of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) via hospital air mattresses. These protocols should specify the appropriate cleaning agents, contact times, and procedures for both routine cleaning and terminal disinfection. For example, after each patient use, the mattress should be cleaned with a hospital-grade disinfectant registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and proven effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including Clostridium difficile spores and multidrug-resistant organisms. Compliance with these protocols is essential for minimizing the risk of cross-contamination. - Barrier Protection Strategies
The use of barrier protection strategies, such as disposable mattress covers, provides an additional layer of defense against microbial contamination. These covers create a physical barrier between the patient and the mattress, preventing the transfer of bodily fluids and microorganisms. Disposable covers should be used for patients at high risk of infection or those with draining wounds. For example, a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) should be placed on an air mattress covered with a disposable barrier to minimize the risk of environmental contamination.
- Staff Training and Competency
Effective infection control practices depend on the knowledge and competency of healthcare staff. Regular training should be provided to ensure that staff members are proficient in cleaning and disinfecting hospital air mattresses, using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and adhering to established infection control protocols. For example, staff should be trained on the proper technique for applying and removing disposable mattress covers to prevent contamination. Competency should be assessed periodically to ensure that staff members maintain the necessary skills and knowledge.
These facets of infection control highlight the importance of integrating rigorous hygiene practices into the routine use of hospital air mattresses for bedsore management. By prioritizing material selection, adhering to standardized cleaning protocols, utilizing barrier protection strategies, and ensuring adequate staff training, healthcare facilities can minimize the risk of HAIs and optimize patient safety. A proactive approach to infection control is essential for maximizing the therapeutic benefits of these specialized support surfaces and preventing adverse outcomes.
7. Cost-Effectiveness
The cost-effectiveness of implementing specialized support surfaces within a healthcare setting, specifically hospital air mattresses designed for pressure ulcer prevention, necessitates careful consideration of multiple factors beyond the initial purchase price. A comprehensive analysis must account for direct and indirect costs associated with both the intervention and the potential consequences of its absence.
- Reduction in Pressure Ulcer Incidence
The most significant cost-saving element lies in the reduction of pressure ulcer incidence rates. Treating established pressure ulcers requires substantial resources, including nursing time, specialized dressings, pharmaceutical interventions, and, in severe cases, surgical procedures. A cost-effectiveness model demonstrates that a hospital air mattress, while representing an upfront investment, can lead to considerable long-term savings by preventing the development of these resource-intensive conditions. For instance, a study comparing standard hospital mattresses with advanced air mattresses revealed a marked decrease in pressure ulcer development among high-risk patients, translating to substantial cost savings per patient per year.
- Decreased Length of Hospital Stay
Pressure ulcers often prolong hospital stays, increasing healthcare costs and resource utilization. Patients who develop pressure ulcers typically require extended treatment and monitoring, delaying discharge and potentially requiring readmission. By preventing pressure ulcer formation, hospital air mattresses can contribute to a reduction in the average length of stay for at-risk patients. This, in turn, frees up hospital beds and resources, allowing for more efficient allocation of healthcare services. A meta-analysis of multiple studies confirmed that the use of appropriate support surfaces correlated with shorter hospital stays for patients at risk of pressure ulcers.
- Minimized Nursing Time and Resources
The management of pressure ulcers consumes a significant amount of nursing time, involving frequent dressing changes, wound assessments, and patient repositioning. The implementation of hospital air mattresses can reduce the burden on nursing staff by minimizing the need for these labor-intensive interventions. This allows nurses to allocate their time and resources to other essential patient care activities. A time-motion study comparing nursing workload in hospitals using standard mattresses versus air mattresses demonstrated a significant reduction in time spent on pressure ulcer-related tasks, resulting in improved staff efficiency and reduced labor costs.
- Reduced Litigation and Associated Costs
Pressure ulcers are a common source of litigation in healthcare settings, often resulting in substantial financial settlements and damage to a facility’s reputation. By proactively preventing pressure ulcer development, hospital air mattresses can reduce the risk of legal claims and associated costs, including legal fees, settlement payments, and increased insurance premiums. Investing in effective pressure ulcer prevention strategies demonstrates a commitment to patient safety and can mitigate the risk of costly litigation. A review of malpractice claims related to pressure ulcers revealed that a significant portion of these cases could have been prevented with the implementation of appropriate support surfaces and preventive care protocols.
Ultimately, a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis of hospital air mattresses for bedsore prevention must consider not only the initial investment but also the long-term savings resulting from reduced pressure ulcer incidence, decreased length of stay, minimized nursing time, and reduced litigation risk. The strategic implementation of these specialized support surfaces represents a fiscally responsible approach to improving patient outcomes and optimizing healthcare resource utilization.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common inquiries concerning specialized support surfaces employed in healthcare settings for pressure ulcer prevention and management. The information provided aims to clarify key aspects of their function, application, and maintenance.
Question 1: What constitutes a “hospital air mattress for bedsores,” and how does it differ from a standard mattress?
A “hospital air mattress for bedsores” is a therapeutic support surface designed to redistribute pressure and minimize prolonged compression on bony prominences. Unlike standard mattresses, these specialized surfaces offer dynamic or static pressure relief mechanisms, often incorporating features such as alternating pressure, low air loss, and microclimate control to enhance skin integrity and prevent tissue breakdown.
Question 2: What are the primary mechanisms by which a “hospital air mattress for bedsores” prevents pressure ulcers?
These mattresses primarily function through pressure redistribution, minimizing concentrated pressure on vulnerable areas. Alternating pressure technology cyclically inflates a
nd deflates sections, while low air loss systems maintain a dry microclimate by circulating air, reducing moisture buildup. These mechanisms collectively promote blood flow and oxygenation to tissues, mitigating the risk of ischemia and ulcer formation.
Question 3: How should one determine the appropriate type of “hospital air mattress for bedsores” for a specific patient?
Surface selection should be guided by a comprehensive risk assessment utilizing validated scales (e.g., Braden Scale). Factors to consider include the patient’s risk level, existing skin condition, weight, mobility, and overall health status. The surface’s pressure redistribution capabilities, microclimate control features, and ease of use for both patient and caregiver should also be evaluated.
Question 4: What are the essential maintenance procedures for a “hospital air mattress for bedsores,” and how often should they be performed?
Maintenance procedures include regular cleaning and disinfection between patient uses, following the manufacturer’s guidelines. Inspections should be conducted to ensure proper inflation, functionality of air cells, and absence of damage. These procedures help prevent contamination and ensure the surface’s longevity and effectiveness. Frequency depends on the mattress type and usage, but daily visual checks and thorough cleaning after each patient are recommended.
Question 5: What are the potential risks or contraindications associated with the use of a “hospital air mattress for bedsores?”
While generally safe, potential risks include improper inflation leading to inadequate pressure relief, electrical hazards associated with powered systems, and allergic reactions to mattress materials. Contraindications may include unstable spinal injuries or conditions where a firm, stable surface is medically necessary. Careful assessment and adherence to manufacturer’s instructions are crucial.
Question 6: How does a “hospital air mattress for bedsores” contribute to overall cost-effectiveness in healthcare?
Cost-effectiveness stems from reduced pressure ulcer incidence, decreased length of hospital stay, minimized nursing time for wound care, and reduced litigation risk. While the initial investment may be higher than standard mattresses, the long-term savings associated with preventing and managing pressure ulcers contribute to significant overall cost reductions.
These FAQs provide foundational knowledge regarding hospital air mattresses for bedsores. Healthcare providers should consult relevant clinical guidelines and manufacturer instructions for comprehensive guidance.
The following section will explore case studies demonstrating the practical application of these support surfaces in diverse clinical scenarios.
Conclusion
The preceding exploration underscores the integral role of hospital air mattresses for bedsores in contemporary healthcare. These specialized support surfaces represent a proactive approach to mitigating pressure injury risk, improving patient comfort, and optimizing resource allocation. Key points include the significance of pressure redistribution, microclimate control, and infection prevention strategies, all of which contribute to enhanced patient outcomes. Effective implementation necessitates comprehensive risk assessment, appropriate surface selection, and rigorous adherence to maintenance protocols.
Moving forward, continued advancements in material science, sensor technology, and data analytics promise to further refine the efficacy and applicability of these devices. Sustained commitment to staff education and adherence to evidence-based practices will be essential to maximizing the therapeutic benefits of hospital air mattresses for bedsores, ultimately contributing to a reduction in pressure injury prevalence and an improvement in the overall quality of patient care.
